This are eight major contents that you need know about Myanmar.

1. The Crises That Are Burma/Myanmar

2. Important Residues from the Precolonial Period

3. The Colonial Era’s Importance in Understanding Burma/Myanmar Today

4. Independence and the Civilian Government (1948–1962): Mixed Heritages

5. The Military Coup, the Socialist Period (1962–1988), and the Perpetuation of Military Rule

6. The SLORC/SPDC Era (1988–Present): Continuation of Military Power

7. The Nature of Burmese Politics

8. Issues in Myanmar’s Future

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Most importantly I would like to remind that this book not for resell.

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General Info

When a military junta took power in Myanmar (then called Burma) in 1988, Aung San Suu Kyi—the daughter of General Aung San, who negotiated Burma's independence from ritain in 1947—entered Burmese politics. Heavily influenced by Gandhi’s philosophy of nonviolent protest, Suu Kyi helped found the National League for Democracy to ncourage the establishment of democracy in Myanmar. When the military junta held general elections in 1990, the National League won easily, and Suu Kyi should have assumed the position of prime minister. Instead, the military nullified the election, and she was placed under house arrest after refusing to leave the country. Suu Kyi was still in confinement when she was awarded the 1991 Nobel Peace Prize. She has subsequently been in and out of house arrest, despite appeals from international organizations, including the United Nations, to free her permanently. In this emarkable biography, students will learn about this brave woman who, despite being faced with insurmountable odds, continues to work toward democratic reforms in Myanmar.

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Lee Kuan Yew was the prime minster of Singapore from 1959 to 1990, making him the longest-serving PM in history. During his long rule, Singapore became the most prosperous nation in Southeast Asia.

IN THESE GROUPS

Famous Virgoans
Famous People Born in Singapore
Famous People Born on September 16
Famous People Born in 1923

Quotes

“Even from my sick bed, even if you are going to lower me into the grave and I feel something is going wrong, I will get up.” —Lee Kuan Yew Synopsis

Born in Singapore on September 16, 1923. The longest-serving prime minister in world history, Lee Kuan Yew Lee became the first prime minister of Singapore on June 5, 1959. In 1962, Lee led Singapore into a merger with Malaysia, but three years later, Singapore left the union for good.


Early Years

Lee Kuan Yew was born into a wealthy Chinese family that had resided in Singapore since the 19th century. After World War II, Lee studied law at Fitzwilliam College, in Cambridge, UK. In 1950, he was admitted to the English bar, but instead of practicing law there, Lee returned to Singapore to do so.


Political Beginnings

At the time, Singapore was British colony and held Britain's main naval base in the Far East. The country was was ruled by a governor and a legislative council, mostly comprising wealthy Chinese businessmen who were appointed rather than elected by the people. In the early 1950s, Singapore buzzed with talk of constitutional reform and independence, and Lee banded with other like minds to challenge the governing structure of the country. Soon breaking from this group and taking a more radical stance, in 1954 Lee became secretary-general of his own party, the People's Action Party.


The PAP Evolves

In 1955, a new Singapore constitution was introduced. It increased the number of elected seats on the council to 25 out of a total of 32, thereby allowing only 7 seats to be filled by appointment. In the elections that followed, the party founded by Lee's former colleagues, the Labour Front, won 13 seats, while Lee's PAP won merely 3.

But with his party represented on the council, in 1956 Lee headed to London as part of the delegation seeking self-rule for Singapore. After the negotiations failed, Singapore experienced a year of civil unrest, but in 1957, Lee returned to London yet again as talks resumed.

The next year, Lee helped negotiate what Singapore's status would be as a self-governing state, and a new constitution was formed.

Under the new constitution, national elections were held in June 1959. Lee campaigned on an anticolonialist, anticommunist platform and called for sweeping social reforms and an eventual federation with neighboring countries.

Lee's party won a decisive victory, taking 43 of the 51 seats in the assembly, and Singapore gained self-governing status (except in matters of defense and foreign affairs). Lee was sworn in as prime minister on June 5, 1959, becoming the first prime minister of an independent Indonesian state.


Indonesia Independence

Once in office, Lee Kuan Yew introduced a five-year plan calling for urban renewal and construction of new public housing, greater rights for women, educational reform, and industrialization.

His plan also called for a merger of Singapore with Malaysia, and after Malayan prime minister Tunku Abdul Rahman proposed the formation of a federation that would include Malaya, Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak, Lee began to campaign in favor of the effort and to end British colonial rule for good.

To show that the people of Singapore were supportive, Lee used the results of a referendum held in September 1962, in which 70 percent of the votes were cast in favor of the proposal.

So in 1963, Singapore joined the newly created Federation of Malaysia. In elections held shortly after, the PAP retained its control of Singapore's Parliament, and Lee held onto his post as prime minister.

Growing tension between Chinese and Malays in the Federation, however, resulted in rioting in Singapore, notably marked by the Prophet Muhammad Birthday Riots, or Sino-Malay riots, of the summer of 1964. A year later, with racial strife continuing, Lee was told by his Malaysian colleagues that Singapore must leave the federation.

Lee was passionate about working out a compromise, but his efforts proved fruitless, and he signed a separation agreement on August 7, 1965.

The failure of the merger was a serious blow to Lee, who believed that unity was crucial for Singapore's survival. In a televised press conference, he was emotionally drained as he announced the formal separation and Singapore's full independence:

"For me, it is a moment of anguish. All my life ... I believed in Malaysian merger and unity of the two territories. You know that we, as a people, are connected by geography, economics, by ties of kinship ... It literally broke everything that we stood for ... now Singapore shall be forever a sovereign democratic and independent nation, founded upon the principles of liberty and justice and ever seeking the welfare and happiness of the people in a most and just equal society."

With the broken union came problems beyond Lee's personal grief: Singapore's lack of natural resources and a limited defensive capability were major challenges.

Singapore needed a strong economy to survive as an independent country, and Lee quickly spearheaded a program to transform it into a major exporter of finished goods. He also encouraged foreign investment and made moves to ensure a rising standard of living for workers.

And when Lee's main opposition party decided to boycott Parliament from 1966 onward, the PAP won every seat in Parliament in the elections of 1968, 1972, 1976 and 1980.

Lee resigned as prime minister in November 1990. He remained the leader of the PAP until 1992.

In the end, Lee ran his country efficiently and brought prosperity unheard of before his tenure, at the cost of a mildly authoritarian style of government. By the 1980s, Singapore, under Lee's guidance, had a per capita income second only to Japan's in East Asia, and the country had become a chief financial center of Southeast Asia.

Yangon: A Than Paing goal was enough to take hosts Myanmar into the semi-final of the AFC U-19 Championship for the first time since 1971, after the home nation defeated the United Arab Emirates 1-0 in Friday's quarter-final at Thuwunna Youth Training Centre Stadium.

Having only scored in only one previous game in the tournament, their 3-0 victory over fellow quarter-finalists Thailand in the group stage, Myanmar made the crucial breakthrough on 53 minutes through striker Than Paing (pictured) which proved to be enough for their historic victory. The win for the Group A runners-up not only returns the seven-time-champions to the semi-finals but also qualifies them for a place at the FIFA U-20 World Cup, to be played next year in New Zealand, for the first time in the nation's history.

Although the UAE was on the offensive from the start, Myanmar's defence coped well under the onslaught from the Group B winners who kept the White Angels under sustained pressure.

In the 27th minute the first shot from open play was delivered by Khalfan Mubarak, who ran on to a long ball from deep within the UAE half but chased all the way by left back Nanda Kyaw, he let the ball run ahead of him and was unable to get enough on the ball to generate power in his shot, comfortably collected by goalkeeper Myo Min Latt.

An UAE corner routine nearly bore its intended fruit in the 32nd minute, as Ahmed Rashid was on target from a header only for Nanda Kyaw, defending the far post, to clear the ball off the goal line. And Nanda Kyaw also had the hosts' best opportunity of the half, when he snuck in at the near post to put a toe on Myanmar's only corner in the first period but was unable to force it home.

But just seven minutes after the half-time interval, Myanmar's first shot from open play brought the game's opening goal after Rashid had been adjudged to have brought down the tall Than Paing nearly 40 yards from goal.

The resulting free-kick initially appeared dealt with until the ball was played swiftly down Myanmar's left, around the back and crossed in for Than Paing to stick out a long leg and poke the ball home from close range. The next few minutes saw the UAE up the tempo as they attempted a quick comeback into the game, Myo Min Latt again pulling off a number of fine saves including tipping one shot from close range onto the crossbar.

Following another UAE attack in the 63rd minute, Myanmar had a worrying moment as Myo Min Latt, so vital in their resistance, took a heavy knock and received treatment for several minutes.

From that stage, though, Myo Min Latt's game became quieter, as although UAE remained on the offensive and forced a number of corners the goalkeeper had nothing serious to test him.

A great deal of second half injuries to Myanmar players, caused by the physical nature of the battle in the second half, led to a nervous seven minutes time added on.

A free-kick on the very edge of the box saw the players of the UAE have one last opportunity of the game, but to no avail as the dead ball kick struck a head in Myanmar's protective wall and moments later the final whistle was sounded to send the packed stands of the home stadium into delirious scenes of celebration.

Acacia - ကင္မြန္းခ်ဥ္ရြက္

Asparagus - ကညြတ္

Bamboo shoot - မွ်စ္

Basil - ပင္စိမ္းရြက္

Bay leave - ကရေ၀းရြက္

Bean curds - ပဲၿပား

Bean spouts - ပဲပင္ေပါက္

Beet root - မုန္လာဥနီ (အလံုး ပံု)

Bitter gourd/ karilla fruit - ၾကက္ဟင္းခါးသီး

Cabbage - ေဂၚဖီထုပ္ၿဖဴ

Calabash - ဘူးသီး

Calabash shoot - ဘူးညႊန္႕

Capsicum - bell pepper

Cardamon - ဖာလာေစ႕

Carrot - မုန္လာဥနီ (ရွည္ ေမ်ာေမ်ာ ပံု)

Cauliflower - ပန္းေဂၚဖီ

Celery or chinese persley - တရုပ္နံနံ

Chilli powder - ငရုပ္သီးမူန္႕

Chinese cabbage - မုန္ညင္းၿဖဴ (တရုပ္)

Chives - ဂ်ဴးဖူး

Cinnamon bark - သစ္ဂ်ပိုးေခါက္

Clove - ေလးညွင္းပြင့္

Coriander leaf/ seeds - နံနံရြက္ နံနံပင္

Cucumber - သခြားသီး

Cumin - ဇီယာ

Curry leaf - ပ်ဥ္းေတာ္သိမ္းရြက္

Egg plant / Aubergine - ခရမ္းသီး

Garlic - ၾကက္သြန္ၿဖဴ

Gherkin - သခြားငယ္ ( ခ်ဥ္ )

Ginger - ဂ်င္း

Gourd - ဗူးခါးသီး ( အေသးစား )

Green chilli - ငရုပ္သီးစိမ္း

Leek ( shallot, scallion ) - ၾကက္သြန္ၿမိတ္

Lemon grass - စပါးလင္

Licorice or sweet wood - ႏြယ္ခ်ဳိ

Marrow / chayote / chaico - ေဂၚရခါးသီး

Mint - ပူစီနံ

Musk melon - သခြားသီးေမႊး

Mustard leaf - မုန္ညင္းရြက္

Mustard seeds - မုန္ညင္းေစ့

Nut meg - ဇာဒိပိုသီး

Okra / lady's fingure - ရံုးပေတသီး

Pepper corn/ black pepper - ငရုပ္ေကာင္း

Pepper/hot pepper/ cayenne pepper - ငရုပ္ေကာင္း

Red radish - မုန္လာဥ နီ အလံုးေသး

Saffron - ဂုန္မာန္

Salt - ဆား

Seasoning powder ( monosodium glutamate powder ) - အခ်ဳိမူန္႕

Shallot or small onion - ၾကက္သြန္နီအေသးစား

Sour green/Roselle/Sorrel/Kenaf - ခ်ဥ္ေပါင္ရြက္

Spinach - ဟင္းႏုႏြယ္

Spring onion - ၾကက္သြန္ၿမိတ္

Star of aniseed - နာနတ္ပြင္႕

Tamarind - မန္က်ည္းသီး

Tomato - ခရမ္းခ်ဥ္သီး

Turmeric powder - နႏြင္းမွဳန့္

White mustard - မုန္ညင္းၿဖဴ (ၾကံမဆိုင္)

White pumpkin - ေက်ာက္ဖရံုသီး

White radish / turnip - မုန္လာဥၿဖဴ အၾကီး

Yellw pumpkin - ေရႊဖရံုသီး

"ဘယ္သူမျပဳ မိမိမူ"
============

ဘာကိစၥေတြ ဘယ္လိုပဲျဖစ္လာျဖစ္လာ ေကာင္းရင္ ကိုယ္ေကာင္းလို႕၊ မေကာင္းရင္ မေကာင္းလို႕ဆိုျပီး ေျပာတတ္ဆိုတတ္တာဟာ လူ႕သဘာဝပါ။

ဒါေပမယ့္ ေကာင္းက်ိဳးခ်မ္းသာေတြရလာရင္ ေက်းဇူးတင္ထိုက္သူကို ေက်းဇူးမတင္တာထက္ အျပစ္ျဖစ္လာရင္ သူမ်ားကိုလႊဲခ်တာမ်ိဳးကေတာ့ မလုပ္သင့္၊ မျဖစ္သင့္တဲ့အရာ ဆိုတာသိရမယ္။
မိမိတို႔ရဲ႕ဘဝတစ္ေလွ်ာက္ ျဖစ္ပ်က္ေတြ႕ၾကဳံခဲ့တဲ့ အေၾကာင္းအရာမ်ားကို ေသေသခ်ာခ်ာစဥ္းစားပါ ပညာရွိနည္းနဲ႔သုံးသပ္ၾကည့္ပါ။

မိမိကိုယ္တိုင္ၾကံဳေတြေနရတဲ့အရာ အဆိုး၊ အေကာင္း အားလံုးဟာ မည္သူ႕ဆီ၌ တာဝန္အရွိဆုံးလဲ?

မိမိသာလွ်င္ ပထမတာဝန္အရွိဆုံးပါ။ မိမိစိတ္ဆႏၵမပါဘဲ အတင္းအဓမၼေစခိုင္းခ်က္ေၾကာင့္ ျပဳလုပ္ရေသာကိစၥေတြမွလြဲ၍ တျခားကိစၥမ်ားတြင္ မိမိသာ တာဝန္အရွိဆံုးလူျဖစ္သလို မိမိကိုယ္ကိုသာ မိမိအျပစ္တင္ပါ။

လူတိုင္းက ကိုယ့္စိတ္ႏွင့္ကိုယ္ဆိုေသာ္လည္း အခ်ိဳ႕ကိစၥရပ္မ်ား၌ ကိုယ့္စိတ္ႏွင့္ကိုယ့္ကိုယ္ မတြဲမိသည္မ်ားရွိႏိုင္သည္။ ဥပမာအေနနဲ႔ "တံငါနားနီး တံငါ" တံငါသည္ဝမ္း၌ဝင္စား၍ လူျဖစ္လာတယ္ဆိုပါစို႕။ မိမိရဲ႕ပတ္ဝန္းက်င္၊ မိမိရဲ႕ဘဝေပးအကုသိုလ္ေၾကာင့္ အဲ့ဒီအလုပ္ကို ႏွစ္ျခိဳက္၍ (သို႔) မႏွစ္သက္ေသာ္လည္း လုပ္ကိုင္ေနရသည့္အေျခအေနအတြက္ ဘယ္သူ႕ကိုအျပစ္တင္ရမလဲ?

ဗုဒၶဘာသာဝင္အမ်ားစုက ကံ၊ ကံ၏အက်ိဳးကို ယံုၾကည္တယ္။ အတိတ္ဘဝ၊ ယခုဘဝ၊ ေနာက္ဘဝေတြရွိတယ္ဆိုျပီးေတာ့လည္း သိထားပါတယ္။ ဒါေၾကာင့္အခုလိုျဖစ္ပ်က္ခံစားေတြ႕ၾကံဳမႈမ်ားဟာ အတိတ္ဘဝအဆက္ဆက္မွအစျပဳ၍
ယခုလက္ရွိအခ်ိန္အထိ မိမိျပဳလုပ္ခဲ့ေသာ ကုသိုလ္၊ အကုသိုလ္ ကံအေၾကာင္းတရားမ်ားေၾကာင့္
ေပၚေပါက္လာေသာ အက်ိဳးတရားမ်ားလို႔ မွတ္ယူၾကတယ္။

ဟုတ္ျပီ။ ဗုဒၶဘာသာဝင္မဟုတ္လို႔ ကံ၊ ကံ၏အက်ိဳးကို မယံုၾကည္ခဲ့လွ်င္လည္း မိမိကိုယ္မိမိအရင္ဆံုးေမးပါ။ ဤအလုပ္၌ ငါေပ်ာ္ေမြ႕ေနသလား၊ ဒါမွမဟုတ္ အကုသိုလ္အလုပ္ျဖစ္လို႔ မေကာင္းေသာအသက္ေမြးမႈလို႔ ထင္ျမင္ေနသလား။ ဒီအလုပ္ကိုမလုပ္ခ်င္လွ်င္ တျခားအလုပ္တစ္ခုခုကို ေျပာင္းလဲလုပ္ကိုင္ဖို႔ ဆိုတဲ့အေတြးမ်ိဳး ဦးေႏွာက္နဲ႔စဥ္းစားရမွာမိမိရဲ႕တာဝန္။

ေနာက္ဆံုးရဲ႕ရလာဒ္ကေတာ့ အေပၚမွာေျပာခဲ့သလို အဆိုး၊ အေကာင္း အားလံုးအတြက္ မိမိကိုယ္ကိုသာ မိမိအျပစ္တင္ရမွာပဲ။

ကိုယ္စိုက္တဲ့အပင္က မာလကာပင္ဆိုရင္ေတာ့ မာလကာသီးပဲသီးမယ္။ သရက္သီး သီးခ်င္လို႔ေတာ့ မျဖစ္ႏိုင္ဘူး။ သရက္သီး မျဖစ္လာလို႔ ကိုယ္လိုခ်င္ေသာအသီးမျဖစ္ႏိုင္ေကာင္းလားဆိုျပီး အပင္ကိုအျပစ္မတင္ခ်င္ပါနဲ႕။ ထိုအပင္ကိုစိုက္ေသာသူကိုယ္တိုင္သည္သာ တာဝန္အရွိဆုံးျဖစ္၍ အပင္စိုက္သူကိုသာ အျပစ္တင္ပါ။

အဲ့ဒီလိုစဥ္းစားေတြးေခၚတတ္မယ္ဆိုလွ်င္ (သို႔) စဥ္းစားေတြးေခၚႏိုင္စြမ္းရွိမယ္ဆိုလွ်င္ မည္သည့္ကိစၥမဆို မိမိသာ အေရးၾကီးေၾကာင္း သိလာလိမ့္မယ္။ တာဝန္သိတတ္ေသာစိတ္မ်ား ျဖစ္ေပၚလာမယ္။ ဒါ့အျပင္ သူတစ္ပါးကို လႊဲခ်တတ္သည့္စိတ္မ်ား သိသိသာသာ ေလ်ာ့နည္းလာမယ္။

အဲ့ဒီေတာ့ ဘယ္လိုအေၾကာင္းရာေတြပဲျဖစ္ပါေစ မိမိမလုပ္ခင္ ေသေသခ်ာခ်ာအရင္သံုးသပ္၊ ေတြးေခၚ၊ အမွန္ႏွင့္အမွားကိုခြဲျခား၊ ျပီးမွဆံုးျဖတ္။

ပိုင္စိုး

The protests of "8888"

The “8888” uprising refers to a series of protests that took place in Burma during 1988 that culminated on the date 8/8/1988, giving this uprising its name. These protests, which began in March of 1988, were initially incited largely by students to express their disgust with the military government’s hostile economic, political, and monetary policies. The one-party rule led by the Burmese Socialist Program Party (BSPP) suppressed the democratic desires of the people, and the economic situation in Burma placed it on the “Least Developed Country” list by the United Nations Economic and Social Council by 1987. The government at that time was headed by General Ne Win, who ruled Burma from 1962-1988 as an oppressive and violent ruler. Despite Ne Win’s resignation in July of ’88, the protests and anger continued since his successor, Sein Lwin, was also hated by the Burmese people, and he refused to address the issues that the protesters were calling for action on.

Although the center of the uprising was in the Burmese capital city of Rangoon, rural areas were also the scene of protests and strikes. From August 1-7 of that year, the protests intensified as students called upon everyone to become involved and to participate in the mass demonstration planned for August 8. The people responded, and the streets were filled with monks, workers, intellectuals, and members of all ethnic groups and walks of life. The August 8 demonstration stretched into a 5-day strike that took the Burmese military government aback, with promises from the leadership that the people’s demands would be considered, although of course, these promises were never meant to be fulfilled. Rather, during this time, it is estimated that around 3,000 people were killed as the police and military massacred peaceful protestors under orders from the BSPP.

With the surprise resignation of Sein Lwin on August 12, the protests only paused for a few days before resuming again, with increased violence on all sides as the Burmese people fought for their rights, and the regime stepped up its repression. It was towards the end of August when Aung San Suu Kyi first entered the political arena as she addressed the masses of people gathered by Shwedagon Pagoda in Rangoon. She became a symbol of democracy and freedom to not only the Burmese, but to the rest of the world. When congress met in September, 75% of the delegates voted for a multi-party system, but the BSPP rejected any changes. The rioting continued, and members of the army and police forces began to side with the protesters. Finally, on September 18, 1988, the Burmese military again took power of the government and quickly suppressed the protests using extremely violent measures. Led by General Saw Maung, the 1974 constitution was repealed and martial law was instituted with the establishment of the “State Law and Order Restoration Council.”

Many believed that had the United Nations or the United States become involved during these protests or refused to recognize the coup during its takeover, the military regime would have failed to take hold and would have collapsed. To commemorate the bloody “8888” uprising, groups around the world have been holding remembrances on August 8 since then, and on the 20th anniversary of the uprising, Burma Center Prague, like other groups around the world, held a special event to honor the past and present victims of the Burmese dictatorship.


Source

I am not invlove in the project. Since everyone's are interesting to learn new thing especially on that project, our company Hirose (Singapore) Pte Ltd managed to go some of staffs for visiting site.

There are a few photographs and a video I was taken during the site visit.